Tann Thona

• To learn about electronic components.
• To show the powerful of electronic components in automatically working.
• To understand the process in developing project and in reality
• To compare process in project and reality working.
• To know the designing of PCB by using software.
• To know about making a new PCB as Arduino.
• To show that we can making a controller PBC by our own selves.

• Mini Servo x2
• ATmega328P x1
• Crystal 16MHz x1 and Capacitor Ceramic 22pF x2
• IR sensor (TCRT5000) x6
• LDR Sensor x1
• LED (Red x3, Greenx2, Yellow x2 and White x8)
• Resistor (10Kohm x7, 330ohm x 6 and 100ohm x2)
• Capacitor Ceramic (100nF x2)
• Capacitor Electrolyte 10uF x2
• Adapter DC 9 or 12V (1 - 1.2A)
• 12vDC Connector x1
• Switch 12v x1
• Terminal Block 2pins x1
• Button x1
• Regulator (L7805) x1
• PCB (77mm x 72mm)
• Jumper wire

1. TCRT5000 IR Sensor

2. Servo Motor

• It operates voltage from 4.8 – 6v
• Stall torque: 1.8 kg.cm (4.8V), 2.2 kg.cm (6 V)
• Operating speed: 0.1 s/60 degree (4.8 V), 0.08 s/60 degree (6 V).

Figure 2: Servo motor specification.

3. ATmega328P

We used ATmega328P instead of Arduino board process of controlling, it is operating well with 1.8-5.5V of input voltage. It needed a crystal clock with two ceramic capacitors and a 10KOmh resistor and a button for reset to working our microcontroller.

• Pin 1 is a reset pin to connect with a button.
• Pins 2&3 are the Rx and Tx pins.
• Pins 4 to 6 and 11 to 19 are the output digital pins.
• For pins 7&8 are the power pins of VCC and GND.
• For pins 9&10 are the connection pins of crystal with 2 capacitors.
• For pins 23-28 are the output analog pins.

Figure 3: Pins connection diagram for ATmega328P.

IV. Methodology

1. Making Print Circuit Board(PCB)

1.1 PCB Software Design

Base on this project, we have used 2 kind of software programs of Proteus to make new a PCB:

Figure 4: Interface of Proteus ISIS design circuit schematic with v7.10.

Figure 5: Interface of Proteus ARES design layout diagram with v7.10.

• Proteus ISIS software v7.10: is used to draw the circuit diagram by connecting from any components which we necessary need for our project. It is also corporates to an ARES software program. See Figure 4 below for ISIS design.
• Proteus ARES software v7.10: used to draw a layout of PCB diagram which connect form ISIS schematic design. See Figure 5 below for ARES design layout diagram.

*Note: in these combining program, some package may not have in this software, so you need to draw it by manually.

Go to this link to download software of the Proteus.v7.10 for the designing circuit schematic and diagram: Download Proteus.v7.10 Software

1.2 PCB Hardware

After we already design the diagram in Proteus software, then we need to follow these below steps:

Figure 6: Making PCB hardware with step by step.

These above figures show the steps of how to make a new PCB:

• For Fig6.1, show the printing out of the circuit drawing on a slipper paper by the Laserjet printer.
• Fig6.2, Iron that printed paper on the PCB board with a specific size.
• Fig6.3, Put the PCB which already ironed into acid and making vibrate it carefully.
• After we finish these 3 steps above then we need to apply all components to PCB board of each its position and then soldering it one by one. See Fig6.4&6.5.

V. Experiment

1. Program on ATMEGA328P Microcontroller

This is the explains how to migrate from an Arduino board to a standalone the ATmega328P microcontroller on a breadboard for burning the bootloader and uploading program to it.

Unless you choose to use the minimal configuration described at the end of this tutorial, we'll need four main components (besides the Arduino, ATmega328, and breadboard):

• a 16 MHz crystal,
• a 10k resistor, and
• two 18 or 22 picofarad (ceramic) capacitors.

1.1 Burning the Bootloader

We need to burn the bootloader onto a new ATmega328P microcontroller by using an Arduino board as an in-system program (ISP).

Figure 7: Wire connection to burn the bootloader onto an ATmega328P with Uno Arduino.

We’re choosing an Uno Arduino board for this section, so to burn the bootloader, we need to follow these below steps:

• Firstly, need to upload the ArduinoISP sketch onto an original Arduino board by select the board and serial port from the Tools menu that correspond to our board.
• Wire up the Arduino board and microcontroller as shown in the diagram of Figure7.
• Select "Arduino Duemilanove" from the Tools -> Board menu and then select to ATmega328.
• Select "Arduino as ISP" from Tools -> Programmer
• Run Tools -> Burn Bootloader

You should only need to burn the bootloader once. After you've done so, you can remove the jumper wires connected to pins 10, 11, 12, and 13 of the Arduino board.

1.2 Uploading Using an Arduino Board

After ATmega328P has the Arduino bootloader on it, then we can upload programs to it by using the USB-to-serial convertor (FTDI chip) on an Arduino board.

• To upload our code onto it, need to remove the microcontroller from the Uno Arduino board so the FTDI chip can talk to the microcontroller on the breadboard instead.
• Connect the RX and TX lines from the Arduino board to our ATmega328 on the breadboard as shown in Figure 8.
• To program the microcontroller, select "Arduino Duemilanove " from the the Tools > Board menu and select ATmega328, then upload as usual.

Figure 8: Wire connection to uploading sketches code to an ATmega328P on a breadboard.

1.3 Algorithm of Project

In this section, we will introduce you to know about our project processing in the diagram, see Figure 9 below to understand well.

To make a process in this project, we need to do the coding. For coding, you can download in link:

Download Code Arduino Project: Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate

Figure 9: Processing of Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate.

Figure 10: Flow Char

VI. Result

After we spent 10 weeks to develop it, finally we have completed it with 90% of fully project.
According to this project, there are two main parts, the smart detecting train system and auto night light system on this project. Let see the result of our full project’s demo is in the link below.

Figure 11: Result of Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate.

VI. Conclusion

In sum, we have developed an electronic project which work automatically to traffic light and gate control by detecting the coming train at quadrilateral road. We have made a new PCB board which include a new chip ATmega328P and all-important components on it to cover to a whole project’s process that can be replacement to an Uno Arduino board. Finally, it is working 90% of fully project and we need to update it with any remaining part and something lost in order to finish our project completely.

After we have finished this project, we knew many things about this project:

• Knew some electronic components characteristic and its specification.
• Understood the process in developing project and in reality.
• Know the comparing of process in project and reality working.
• Understood well about the designing of PCB by using Proteus software.
• Knew about how making a new PCB and boot-loading the ATmega328P as Arduino.

Reference

[1]. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoToBreadboard

[2]. https://nomada-e.com/store/sensores/9-sensor-optico-reflectivo-tcrt5000.html

[3]. http://full-parts.com/mg90s-metal-gear-servo-for-arduino-micro-tower-pro-180-degrees.html

[4]. https://voidyourwarranty.wordpress.com/2014/08/17/using-arduino-as-an-isp-to-program-a-standalone-atmega-328p-including-fuses/

Photos

Then download code and upload to your arduino: Download Code

Figure 1. Arduino Connection

4. Coding

 Make sure you are ready add keypad library on arduino IDE before write keypad matrix code. if you are not yet add keypad library, so follow instruction install library show below:

Step 1: Your computer have to connect internet.

Step 2: On arduino IDE, Sketch → Include Library → Manage Libraries

Step 3: After show form like figure 2, so search "keypad" and install it.

Figure 2. Keypad Installation

After install keypad library now you can program on arduino.

// Coding by Tann Thona (10/12/2020)

#include <Keypad.h>

const byte ROWS = 4; //four rows
const byte COLS = 6; //four columns
//define the cymbols on the buttons of the keypads
char hexaKeys[ROWS][COLS] = {
  {'C','7','8','9','X','/'},
  {'A','4','5','6','-','R'},
  {'%','1','2','3','+','D'},
  {'R','0','.','=','+','P'}
};
byte rowPins[ROWS] = {5, 4, 3, 2}; //connect to the row pinouts of the keypad
byte colPins[COLS] = {11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6}; //connect to the column pinouts of the keypad

//initialize an instance of class NewKeypad
Keypad customKeypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(hexaKeys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS, COLS); 

void setup(){
  Serial.begin(9600);
}
  
void loop(){
  char customKey = customKeypad.getKey();
  
  if (customKey){
    Serial.println(customKey);
  }
}
 

Click Here to Download Code and Proteus Simulation File 

4. Result

Watch Video Explain in Khmer

4. Coding

 Make sure you are ready add keypad library on arduino IDE before write keypad matrix code. if you are not yet add keypad library so follow instruction install library show below:

Step 1: Your computer have to connect internet.

Step 2: On arduino IDE, Sketch → Include Library → Manage Libraries

Step 3: After show form like figure 2, so search "keypad" and install it.

Figure 2. Keypad Installation

After install keypad library now you can program on arduino.

// Coding by Tann Thona (08/12/2020)

#include <Keypad.h>

const byte ROWS = 4; //four rows
const byte COLS = 4; //four columns
//define the cymbols on the buttons of the keypads
char hexaKeys[ROWS][COLS] = {
  {'7','8','9','/'},
  {'4','5','6','x'},
  {'1','2','3','-'},
  {'C','0','=','+'}
};
byte rowPins[ROWS] = {5, 4, 3, 2}; //connect to the row pinouts of the keypad
byte colPins[COLS] = {10, 9, 8, 7}; //connect to the column pinouts of the keypad

//initialize an instance of class NewKeypad
Keypad customKeypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(hexaKeys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS, COLS); 

void setup(){
  Serial.begin(9600);
}
  
void loop(){
  char customKey = customKeypad.getKey();
  
  if (customKey){
    Serial.println(customKey);
  }
} 
 

Click Here to Download Code and Proteus Simulation File 

4. Result

Watch Video Explain in Khmer

4. Coding

// Coding by Tann Thona (06/12/2020)

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
float LDR = 0;
float Vout = 0;
float R1 = 1000;
float Lux = 0;
void setup() {
  // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
  lcd.setCursor(6,0);
  lcd.print("Lux:");
  pinMode(A0,INPUT);
}

void loop() {
  // Turn off the display:
  LDR = analogRead(A0);
  Vout = (5*LDR)/1023;

  Lux = ((25000/Vout) - 500) / R1;
  
  lcd.setCursor(6, 1);
  lcd.print(Lux);  
}

Click Here to Download Code and Proteus Simulation File 

4. Result

Watch Video Explain in Khmer

4. Coding

// Coding by Tann Thona (04/12/2020)

// include the library code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

char Array[16] = {'H', 'E', 'L', 'L',  'O', ' ', 'W', 'O', 'R', 'l', 'D', ' ', '2', '0', ' ', ' '};

void setup() {
  // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
  lcd.setCursor(4,0);
  lcd.print("Welcome");

}

void loop() {
  // Turn off the display:
  lcd.setCursor(0,1);
  for(int i = 0; i<=15; i++)
  {
    lcd.print(Array[i]);
  }
  delay(70);

  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  char swap = Array[0];
  for(int j=0; j<15; j++)
  {
    Array[j] = Array[j+1];
  }
  Array[15] = swap;
}

Click Here to Download Code and Proteus Simulation File 

4. Result

Watch Video Explain in Khmer

4. Coding

// Coding by Tann Thona (03/12/2020)

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

void setup() {
  // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
  // Print a message to the LCD.
  lcd.setCursor(1,0);
  lcd.print("Welcome 2021");

  lcd.setCursor(2,1);
  lcd.print("TANN THONA");
}

void loop() {
  // Turn off the display:

}
 

Click Here to Download Code and Proteus Simulation File 

4. Result

Watch Video Explain in Khmer

4. Coding

// by Tann Thona

// 7 Segment 2 digits cathode

int pinA = 13;
int pinB = 12;
int pinC = 11;
int pinD = 10;
int pinE = 9;
int pinF = 8;
int pinG = 7;
int D2 = 6;
int D1 = 5;
int j = 0;
int i = 0;
int k = 0;

int Arduino_Pins[7] = {pinA, pinB, pinC, pinD, pinE, pinF, pinG};   // an array of pin numbers to which LEDs
int Segment_Pins[10][7] = {{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0}, // 0
  {0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}, // 1
  {1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1}, // 2
  {1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1}, // 3
  {0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1}, // 4
  {1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1}, // 5
  {1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, // 6
  {1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}, // 7
  {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, // 8
  {1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1}, // 9
};

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(pinA, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(pinB, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(pinC, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(pinD, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(pinE, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(pinF, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(pinG, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(D1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(D2, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

  for (int t = 0; t < 20; t++) // int t = 0; t < 500; t++
  {
    digitalWrite(D1, 0);
    digitalWrite(D2, 1);
    for (j = 0; j < 7; j++)
    {
      digitalWrite(Arduino_Pins[j], Segment_Pins[i][j]);
    }
    delay(100); // delay(1);

    digitalWrite(D1, 1);
    digitalWrite(D2, 0);
    for (j = 0; j < 7; j++)
    {
      digitalWrite(Arduino_Pins[j], Segment_Pins[k][j]);
    }
    delay(100); // delay(1);


    i++;
    if (i == 9)
    {
      i = 0;
      k++;
      if (k == 9)
      {
        k = 0;
      }

    }
  }
}

Click here to download code and simulation file

4. Result

Watch Video Explain in Khmer